Ca~(2+)对煤中含氮活性基团阻化效应研究

为揭示CaCl2抑制煤炭自燃发生的机理,提高阻化效果,采用Gaussian03软件包,对Ca2+与煤中含N活性基团形成的配位体的结构及分子前沿轨道、稳定化能、自然键轨道和净电荷布居、电荷转移进行系统研究。结果表明,Ca2+能够与煤中含N活性基团形成二配体、三配体及四配体配合物,形成四配体的稳定化能与前沿轨道能级能隙差较大,说明四配体配合物最为稳定,而且形成配合物后,煤含N活性结构中的-NH2基团对前沿轨道的贡献大大减少,同时轨道能级大幅增加,增加了煤活性结构的稳定性,提高了煤活性结构的抗氧化性。     

CdSe量子点的合成及其在重金属离子检测中的应用

以3-巯基丙酸（3-MPA）为修饰剂合成了水溶性CdSe量子点,优化了合成条件,并以其为荧光探针建立了水样中Pb²⁺和Hg²⁺的检测方法。实验结果表明：在n（Se）∶n（Cd²⁺）为1∶6、n（Se）∶n（NaBH₄）为1∶3、n（Cd²⁺）∶n（3-MPA）为1∶6、反应pH为11、回流温度为100 ℃、回流时间为60 min的优化条件下合成的量子点荧光性能较优;量子点的荧光猝灭强度与Pb²⁺或Hg²⁺的质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围分别为0.005~10 mg/L和0.001~1 mg/L,检出限分别为0.003 mg/L和0.001 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.23%和1.29%,可应用于实际水样中Pb²⁺和Hg²⁺的检测。     

应用体内和体外方法评价原油水溶性组分和原油污染的地表水对淡水生物的内分泌干扰潜力

目前关于原油对淡水水生脊椎动物内分泌信号的潜在影响的认知有限。本文以非洲爪蟾(爪蟾属，X. laevis)蝌蚪和莫桑比克罗非鱼幼鱼(口孵非鲫属，O. mossambicus)为研究对象，选择风化原油和未风化提炼后的原油这2种原油的水溶性组分(WAFs)进行暴露实验，选择出可作为内分泌信号改变的生物标志物的基因，对其表达进行了研究。此外，将X. laevis蝌蚪暴露于靠近地下石油库的地表水中，对上述基因表达做了定量分析。利用重组酵母对原油、原油水溶性组分和地表水的(抗)雌激素和(抗)雄激素性进行了评价。在X. laevis对2种原油WAFs的响应中，甲状腺激素受体β表达均显著下调，而另一种与甲状腺相关的基因，2型脱碘酶，在O. mossambicus暴露于高浓度的原油WAF时被上调。此外，这2种WAFs都改变了与脂肪生成相关的过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ在X. laevis中的表达。原油和WAFs在体外表现出抗雌激素和抗雄性激素的活性。然而，O. mossambicus雄激素受体2作为唯一一个代表生殖系统的基因，受到WAF暴露的影响显著。在地表水样品中发现了雌激素、抗雌激素和抗雄激素的作用；但是，在暴露于地表水的X. laevis中没有观察到任何基因表达的明显变化。在所用的2种模式生物以及2种原油中，响应各不相同。尽管如此，这些数据提供了证据证明原油污染可能会因内分泌信号转变对淡水鱼和两栖动物的健康造成不利影响。
精选自Truter, J. C., van Wyk, J. H., Oberholster, P. J., Botha, A.-M. and Mokwena, L. M. (2017), An evaluation of the endocrine disruptive potential of crude oil water accommodated fractions and crude oil contaminated surface water to freshwater organisms using in vitroand in vivo approaches. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1330–1342. doi: 10.1002/etc.3665
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3665/full
     

Assessing the chemical and biological accessibility of the herbicide isoproturon in soil amended with biochar

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) is a cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cVMS) commonly found in commercially available products. D5 is expected to enter the terrestrial environment through the deposit of biosolids from sewage treatment plants onto agricultural fields for nutrient enrichment. Little to no information currently exists as to the risks of D5 to the terrestrial environment. In order to evaluate the potential risk to terrestrial organisms, the toxicity of a D5 contaminated biosolid in an agricultural soil was assessed with a battery of standardized soil toxicity tests.D5 was spiked into a surrogate biosolid and then mixed with a sandy loam soil to create test concentrations ranging from 0 to 4074 mg kg⁻¹. Plant (Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Trifolium pratense (red clover)) and soil invertebrates (Eisenia andrei (earthworm) and Folsomia candida (springtail)) toxicity tests were completed to assess for lethal and sub-lethal effects. Plant testing evaluated the effects on seedling emergence, shoot and root length, and shoot and root dry mass. Invertebrate test endpoints included adult lethality, juvenile production, and individual juvenile dry mass (earthworms only). Soil samples were collected over time to confirm test concentrations and evaluate the loss of chemical over the duration of a test. The toxicity of the D5 was species and endpoint dependent, such that no significant adverse effects were observed for T. pratense or E. andrei test endpoints, however, toxicity was observed for H. vulgare plant growth and F. candida survival and reproduction. Chemical losses of up to 50% were observed throughout the tests, most significantly at high concentrations.     

邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯在肺匀浆中的体外代谢研究

了解邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)在肺匀浆中是否被代谢以及被代谢的情况,为更深入的肺脏毒性研究提供参考.于肺匀浆液中加入一定量BBP后,在0 min、10 min、20 min、40 min、60 min、80 min不同的温孵时间用乙酸乙酯灭活萃取剩余BBP,处理后用高效液相色谱测定BBP含量,再通过标准曲线计算出测定的BBP含量,得出BBP在肺中被降解的量,计算得到不同时间BBP在肺匀浆液中的降解百分率.研究结果表明,BBP在肺匀浆液中的线性范围为7.2～179 μmol/mL,平均萃取回收率为(97.11±0.98)%.BBP在肺匀浆液中被降解,与时间呈一定线性关系; 代谢上有雌雄差异,雌性在40 min以前降解比雄性快,在雌性肺匀浆中的降解半衰期为93.65 min,在雄性肺匀浆中的降解半衰期为70 min,但是雄性在整个过程中降解较快; 采用乙酸乙酯进行灭活萃取,在本实验条件下没有检测到代谢产物,说明代谢产物极性较大,没有被乙酸乙酯萃取出来.     

氯代酚和烷基酚类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育影响的研究

为研究氯代酚和烷基酚类化合物的毒性,采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,观察这两类化合物对不同发育阶段斑马鱼卵的影响.结果显示,在受精卵产出后立即染毒,胚胎对这些化合物最敏感的毒理学终点分别为: 五氯酚--48 h心律、色素和水肿的EC50值均为0.2 mg/L; 对-壬基酚--72 h孵化EC50为0.5 mg/L; 对-辛基酚--72 h畸形EC50为0.5 mg/L; 对-氯酚--48 h色素EC50为1.5 mg/L; 染毒时刻的不同对胚胎所造成的毒性效应也不同.几种氯代酚和烷基酚对发育24 h胚胎染毒,五氯酚毒性最大,对-辛基酚和对-壬基酚次之,对-氯酚毒性最小.研究表明,该类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育均有明显抑制作用,可以造成胚胎发育畸形甚至死亡,具有特定的最敏感毒理学终点.     

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Endocrine Active Chemicals in Small Streams Indicate Differential Exposure to Aquatic Organisms

Alkylphenolic chemicals (APCs) and hormones were measured six times from February through October 2007 in three Minnesota streams receiving wastewater to identify spatial and temporal patterns in concentrations and in estrogen equivalency. Fish were collected once during the study to evaluate endpoints indicative of endocrine disruption. The most commonly detected APCs were 4‐tert‐octylphenol and 4‐nonylphenol and the most commonly detected hormones were estrone and androstenedione. Chemical concentrations were greatest for nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (NPECs) (5,000‐140,000 ng/l), followed by 4‐nonlylphenol and 4‐nonylphenolethoxylates (50‐880 ng/l), 4‐tert‐octylphenol and 4‐tert‐octylphenolethoxylates with concentrations as great as 130 ng/l, and hormones (0.1‐54 ng/l). Patterns in chemicals and estrogen equivalency indicated that wastewater effluent is a pathway of APCs and hormones to downstream locations in this study. However, upstream contributions can be equally or more important indicating alternative sources. This study indicates that aquatic organisms experience both spatially and temporally variable exposures in the number of compounds, total concentrations, and estrogenicity. This variability was evident in fish collected from the three rivers as no clear upstream to downstream pattern of endocrine disruption endpoints emerged.     

Effects of cimetidine and N-acetylcysteine on paraquat-induced acute lung injury in rats: a preliminary study

Abstract

Lung injury in rats challenged with paraquat at 20?mg kg^?1 body weight was histopathologically evident by inflammation, hemorrhage, and vascular congestion. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione content, and lower tissue antioxidant capacity was found. The effects of N-acetylcysteine and cimetidine, a well-known potent inhibitor for organic cation transport, were examined. Lung injury was attenuated by N-acetylcysteine but not by cimetidine. The findings are consistent with the assumption that beneficial effects of N-acetylcysteine administration in paraquat-challenged animals might be linked to its ability for preserving the cellular redox environment and preventing oxidative stress, while cimetidine might even hasten paraquat-induced lung injury. On the other hand, the effects of cimetidine on paraquat-induced lung injury underline the importance of future studies on the role of transporters in this complication.     

Clinical and toxicological data in Fenthion and omethoate acute poisoning

Abstract

This study paper reports on two cases of poisoning with the organophosphorus insecticides, fenthion and omethoate. The two victims were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) a few hours after ingestion of the two insecticides. They received appropriate treatment for organophosphorous poisoning (gastric lavage, activated charcoal, atropine and pralidoxime) and supportive care. Both patients survived. Organophosphate blood levels were determined on admission (fenthion 2.9 (ig/ml, omethoate 1.6 Hg/ml) and during the hospitalisation and proved to be considerably high. Slow elimination rate of the poison already distributed in the body was indicated for both pesticides. The patient with omethoate poisoning remained clinically well (Glasgow Coma Scale : 15) and was discharged three days later. The patient with fenthion poisoning, who had also ingested 30 mg of bromazepam and 720 mg of oxetoron, developed cholinergic crisis six hours after admission and was intubated for 24 days, with concomitant complications.     

环境暴露致秀丽线虫衰老毒性及相关作用机制研究进展

衰老作为一个重要的评价终点,目前已经广泛应用于秀丽线虫环境暴露评价以及相关毒理学研究.系统总结了各种金属以及有机污染物暴露所致秀丽线虫衰老毒性;分析了胰岛素信号、应激反应与氧化应激、线粒体呼吸链、金属硫蛋白、金属诱导胁迫响应蛋白NUMR-1和NUMR-2等在环境暴露致秀丽线虫衰老毒性形成中的重要调控功能;指出了代谢变化...